Answer: c [Reason:] Such spread is known as footing and the foundation is known as spread footing. Footing which contains steps or off sets and it is also referred to as the step footing. If the wall rest directly on foundation concrete without any step, it is known as the simple footing.

Answer: c [Reason:] The depth of footing should also be such that the rate of angle of spread of the load from the wall base to the outer edge of ground bearing does not exceed the permissible value.

Answer: b [Reason:] If the wall raised directly on foundation concrete without any step, it is known as the simple footing or single footing. In this case, the load of the wall is directly subjected to the footing without any step distribution and hence mostly affected by central buckling.

Answer: a [Reason:] The above given figure contains steps or offsets and it is also referred to as the stepped footing. Such type of footing are commonly used in the small buildings or single storey buildings in which load is distributed step wisely into the ground.

Answer: d [Reason:] Above given figure shows sloped footing for an RCC column or pier. It is an type of Shallow Foundation which is commonly used for the piers of bridges with shallow depth below in water.

Answer: a [Reason:] In that case, a simple strip footing is provided. The wall directly rest on the concrete base, and no masonry offset are provided since spread is not required.

Answer: c [Reason:] A strap putting comprises of two or more footings of individual columns, connected by a beam, called as a strap. The function of the strap been is to transfer the load of heavily loaded outer column to the inner one.

Answer: c [Reason:] End bearing pile are used to transfer load through water or soft soil to a suitable bearing stratum. Such type of foundations are used in the clay soil or marshy soil.

Answer: d [Reason:] Friction pile are used to transfer loads to a depth of a friction load carrying Material by means of skin friction along the length of piles. Such Foundation is used where hard Strata is not available to a certain depth below the soil.

Answer: a [Reason:] It is an type of deep foundation. Anchor piles provide Anchorage against horizontal pull from sheet piling other pulling forces. Whereas, sheet piles are commonly used as bulkheads, or as impervious cut off to reduce seepage and uplift under hydraulic structures.

Answer: a [Reason:] Tension pile or uplift pile anchor down the structures subjected to uplift due to hydrostatic pressure due to over turning moment. Such foundations are always under very high tension and hence need to be laid very carefully.

Answer: b [Reason:] The batter piles are used to resist large horizontal or incline forces. It is an type of miscellaneous piles and used in combination with sheet pile.

Answer: b [Reason:] In other words, the removal of all vitiated air from a building and its replacement with fresh air is known as ventilation. It is important from the engineering viewpoint for various reasons.

Answer: d [Reason:] It is observed that the breathing is difficult when the amount of carbon dioxide by volume is about 6% and a man loses consciousness when it reaches about 10% or so. The more the amount of carbon dioxide, the more difficult is the breathing.

Answer: c [Reason:] The proper and sufficient ventilation results in the absence of condensation. It can be effectively controlled by the provision of suitable ventilation of the room.

Answer: a [Reason:] The minimum and maximum rates of air change per hour is 1 and 60 respectively. If the rate of change is less than 1/hour, it will not create any appreciable effect of the ventilation system. On the other hand, at the rate of air changes more than 60/hour, it will result in discomfort due to high velocities of air.

Answer: a [Reason:] When a certain volume of air at a certain temperature contents as much water vapour as it can, it is said to be Saturated air. Generally, the air is not saturated at all the times. But it contains a certain amount of water vapour in it.

Answer: c [Reason:] The value of relative humidity is obtained by comparing dry bulb and wet bulb temperature. For higher temperatures, the low humidity and greater air movements are necessary for removing greater portion of heat from the body.

Answer: b [Reason:] The air should be free from odours, organic matter, inorganic dust and unhealthy fumes of gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and Sulphur Dioxide, etc. All the above impurities depend on the habits of occupants, volume of a room, source of ventilating air, etc.

Answer: a [Reason:] The usual difference of temperature between inside and outside is kept as about 8°C to 10°C. With regards to the human comfort, the term effective temperature is used. It is an index which combines the effect of air movements, humidity and temperature.

Answer: d [Reason:] Effective temperature indicates the temperature of air at which sensation of same degree of cold or warmth will be experienced as in quite a fully saturated at the same temperature. Thus, if two rooms have the same effective temperature, no change of temperature will be experienced by a person when he suddenly leaves one room and enters the room.

Answer: c [Reason:] The popular values of effective temperature in winter and summer or 20°C and 22°C respectively. It should however be remembered that the effective temperature indicates same feeling of cool or warmth. But it results in human comfort only when it is correlated with humidity and air movements.

Answer: c [Reason:] Natural ventilation is useful for small buildings and it cannot be adopted for big offices, theatres, auditoriums, etc. The only advantage of the system is that it is economical in the sense that no special equipment is necessary for making the room adequately ventilated and that is affords living under natural conditions.

Answer: c [Reason:] Mechanical or Artificial ventilation has become popular due to recent change in notion regarding ventilation. At present, the ventilation is required not nearly to furnish warm air or cool air. But the ventilation system should provide air of such qualities regarding humidity, temperature, etc.

Answer: b [Reason:] The mechanical system is costly, but it results in considerable increase in efficiency of the person under the command of the system. This system is adopted for big offices, banks, industrial plants, theatres, etc.

Answer: d [Reason:] In exhaust system, the extraction of air from inside sets of the current of fresh air from outside to inside and thus, it becomes possible to provide fresh air to the room through doors and windows. The fans or blowers are installed at suitable places in the outside wall and they are connected to different rooms through duct system.

Answer: d [Reason:] Supply system consist in supplying fresh air to the room by installing input fans in outside walls. This system is used for ventilating rooms near unusual quantity of heat or odours is not produced.

Answer: b [Reason:] Following are the situations demanding underpinning: A building with deep Foundation is to be constructed at joint to an existing building; The settlement of existing Foundation has taken placed, resulting in serious cracks in the wall; The basement is to be provided to an existing building.

Answer: a [Reason:] In Pit Method, the holes are then made in the existing wall. The needles with bearing plates and then inserted through this holes are supported on Jack. The pit is excavated and the existing foundation is taken up to the required level.

Answer: b [Reason:] Pile method is useful in clayey soils and for waterlogged areas and for walls carrying heavy loads. For underpinning very light structures, the piles are driven along the structure and then brackets or cantilever needles are provided to carry the structure.

Answer: d [Reason:] The operation of Cement grouting is simple. The holes are drilled in a slab and then cement grout is forced under pressure through these holes. The pressure is maintained until the cement grout has set.

Answer: a [Reason:] The procedure for chemical consolidation is as: The perforated pipe are driven in an inclined direction. The inclination slopes are so adjusted that the entire area under the existing putting comes under the command of the inclined pipes; The chemical reaction takes place between two chemicals and the soil is consolidated.

Answer: c [Reason:] Here, the cost of consolidation depends on the nature of soil, depth of consolidation, site of work, etc. In this method, the soil under the existing footing is consolidated by using Chemicals. The chemical reaction takes place between two chemicals and hence the soil is consolidated.

Answer: d [Reason:] Freezing is really adopted, mainly because of two reasons: it is expensive and more time is required for the installation of the freezing pipes.

Answer: b [Reason:] Vibroflotation increases the density of soil which ultimately results in the increase of bearing capacity of soil. This method is useful for granular or sandy soil and before the processing of underpinning start, the building or any of its structure component is shored carefully.

Answer: a [Reason:] Whereas, the flying shores are generally erected at a distance of about 3 m to 5 m in plan and horizontal Struts are introduced, if necessary, to act as a lateral bracing between the adjacent line shores.

Answer: c [Reason:] In Flying or horizontal shore arrangement, the horizontal supports are given to the parallel walls which have become unsafe due to the removal or collapse of the intermediate building.

Answer: c [Reason:] A Well Point is a pipe about 1 m long and diameter is about 40 mm to 50 mm. The whole system comprise of a Riser, swinger arm, header and together work as a well point system.

Answer: a [Reason:] A Riser is a vertical pipe driven in the ground. The well point is provided at the bottom end of the riser. The diameter of Riser is about 40 mm to 50 mm.

Answer: b [Reason:] A Header is a pipe to which all the swinger arms of the different well points are attached. The header, in turn, is connected to a pumping unit. The header is laid on the ground and its diameter varies from 150 mm to 250 mm.

Answer: d [Reason:] When the depth of excavation exceeds 5 M below the water table, the process of providing well Point is carried out in different stages known as Multi stage system.

Answer: a [Reason:] The vacuum process is very much useful and effective for inorganic and organic silts and very fine sand. But several weeks may be required to achieve consolidation by this method.

Answer: d [Reason:] Blowing action is adopted for release of artesian pressure. At some places, the artesian conditions exists at a certain death from the ground level. If the foundation trench reaches that depth, its bottom is likely to be blown off due to hydrostatic pressure.

Answer: a [Reason:] In case of multistage system of well points, the deep well pumps should be used when the instability of the side slopes is expected. As deep well pumps are expensive, they are adopted on important works.

Answer: c [Reason:] In 1925, H.J. Joosten, a Dutch mining engineer, adopted for the first time the chemical grouting. He used concentrated solution of sodium silicate and calcium chloride as electrolyte.

Answer: a [Reason:] In pumping method, the pumps are installed along the foundation trenches at a suitable points. The water gaining access to the trenches is pumped out. These pumps are portable so that it can be easily moved as and when required.

Answer: a [Reason:] The practical limit upto which the water can be lifted by a suction pump is about 5 meters or so. Hence, the depth of excavation is not to exceed 5 metres in single stage system well point is adopted.

Answer: d [Reason:] Well Point System consists of a well points, riser, swinger arm, and header. The area to be devoted is surrounded by number of well points. The minimum spacing between the well points is 1 m.

Answer: d [Reason:] Well Point System consists of a well points, riser, swinger arm, and header. The area to be devoted is surrounded by number of well points. The minimum spacing between the well points is 1 m.

Answer: b [Reason:] In providing sumps and side drains, the side drains are constructed along the bottom of the foundation Trenches. The sumps are constructed at a distance of 45 M to 60 M and the side drains are given such as slope that water is collected in the sumps.

Answer: d [Reason:] In freezing process method, the area surrounding the excavation is frozen and thus a solid wall of frozen Earth is formed. The principle of ground freezing is the use of refrigeration to convert in-situ pore water to Ice.

Answer: d [Reason:] When the depth of excavation exceeds 5 M below the water table, the process of providing well Point is carried out in different stages known as Multi stage system.

Answer: a [Reason:] The vacuum process is very much useful and effective for inorganic and organic silts and very fine sand. But several weeks may be required to achieve consolidation by this method.

Answer: c [Reason:] The principle of ground freezing process is the use of refrigeration to convert in-situ pore water to Ice. Hence, refrigeration plant of required capacity is installed near the site of work to perform the process of refrigeration.

Answer: b [Reason:] In cement grouting method, the cement grout, which is a mixture of sand, cement and water is used. The term grouting is used to indicate a process of injecting the cementing materials into the cracks.

Answer: c [Reason:] In 1925, H.J. Joosten, a Dutch mining engineer, adopted for the first time the chemical grouting. He used concentrated solution of sodium silicate and calcium chloride as electrolyte. According to him, the chemical must be able to modify the properties of soil as desired or expected.

Answer: a [Reason:] As the chemical grouting has been developed recently, the precise information of its long-term after effects is not available. Hence it has yet not become an established technique as the conventional grouting.

Answer: a [Reason:] The freezing is a powerful versatile tool for the foundation engineering for temporary ground support, groundwater control and structural underpinning. A portion of slope is frozen and this position act as a temporary Dam to support the soil and it prevents the earth slides.