Answer: d [Reason:] Faulting is essentially a process of rupturing and displacement along the plane of rupture. Its effects may involve- changes in the elevation of the ground, omission of some strata where they are normally expected, repetition of some strata in a given direction and displacements and shifts in the continuity of the same rocks in certain regions.

Answer: d [Reason:] Strike faults are those, which are developed parallel to the strike of the outcrops. These faults produce, besides other changes, two pronounced effects on the outcrops repetition and omission of strata.

Answer: b [Reason:] Repetition of the strata occurs, when the downthrow is against the direction of the dip of the bed in which faulting has taken place.

Answer: a [Reason:] Omission of the strata takes place in a strike fault when the downthrow is parallel to the direction of slip of the faulted bed.

Answer: c [Reason:] It is only after the study of geological maps that existence of faults at the first place and their effects on the rocks may get established with some certainty.

Answer: a [Reason:] In dip faults which occur parallel to the dip of the outcrop, the most prominent effect observed after faulting and erosion of the upthrown block is horizontal shift between the two parts of the outcrop.

Answer: c [Reason:] Oblique faults cause an offset in the sequence, which is associated with either a gap or an overlap depending upon the downthrow direction.

Answer: b [Reason:] Oblique faults cause an offset in the sequence, which is associated with either a gap or an overlap depending upon the downthrow direction.

Answer: a [Reason:] Oblique faults with downthrow to the left side result in an offset with an overlap.

Answer: c [Reason:] Oblique faults with downthrow to the right side result in an offset with a gap.

Answer: a [Reason:] The effects of faults on different types of folded sequence is broadly the same as in plainly dipping strata. But with changes in the altitude of the faults or that of rocks, quite complicated results may be seen.

Answer: c [Reason:] One of the main effects of the faults on topography is that they very often result in the development of distinct types of steep slopes which are aptly called fault scarps.

Answer: b [Reason:] Three types of fault associated scarps are often recognized: fault scarps, fault-line scarps and composite-fault scarps.

Answer: b [Reason:] When a given slope is believed is believed to be the result of both of these processes, fault scarp and fault-line scarp, the scarp is of composite type, and is called composite-fault scarp.

Answer: b [Reason:] In the fault-line scarp, the relief is produced due to process of unequal erosion along the fault line with the passage of time.

Answer: b [Reason:] The faulted rocks will form weak foundations and abutments for dam, despite the fact that originally they might have been strong and impervious.

Answer: b [Reason:] Once the fault zones, shear zones or fault surfaces become lubricated with water, they become potential areas for further slips and slides. They may create critical conditions.

Answer: d [Reason:] As far as possible the location of a civil engineering project must be avoided on a fault or a fold or a joint. But when there is no other choice, the same location can be treated with necessary methods and then the project can be implemented.

Answer: d [Reason:] The number, size and inclination of the shear zones should be given top consideration.

Answer: c [Reason:] The embankment of the Bhakra dam in India showed occurrence of numerous shear zones in them; the site could not be changed because of other reasons; hence it was decided to treat the shear zones by extensive excavations of the shear zones and back filling with cement grouting.

Answer: c [Reason:] Faults of any significance are always associated with earthquakes. The tectonic history of the area under consideration must be known thoroughly.

Answer: d [Reason:] Some factor of safety has to be introduced in the building even though the tectonic history indicates not movement of the surface or plate. It is always recommended to introduce factor of safety for high raised buildings or even buildings which are built on active seismic zones.

Answer: a [Reason:] Study of tectonic history would virtually mean obtaining information about frequency of the earthquakes as also their magnitude and effects that they have left from time to time on the rocks of the region.

Answer: b [Reason:] Faulting products like gouge and breccia create additional problems; the site has to be cleared of them or taken below to the sound bedrock.

Answer: a [Reason:] As a storage reservoir, the aquifer behaviour is controlled by- the nature of the rock and its porosity, structural disposition, with regard to the recharge points or places, climate conditions like annual precipitation.

Answer: b [Reason:] It must be remembered that an aquifer can hold water only temporarily, as the water is always in a state of flow in it. However, the rate of flow of water through an aquifer is very slow compared to surface waters.

Answer: b [Reason:] The importance of groundwater in water supply system can hardly be over emphasized. It is in no way subordinate to that of surface waters.

Answer: c [Reason:] The quantity of water that can be withdrawn annually and also the rate at which the withdrawal could be made without adversely affecting the inventory of the aquifer, therefore, determine what may be called operational yield.

Answer: d [Reason:] An aquifer may be made to serve as a filter plant when artificial recharge is made to pass through an intervening layer of rock, which acts as a natural filter.

Answer: c [Reason:] A dam is built across a river primarily to store water in the form of a reservoir. The whole idea of a dam would become irrelevant if the foundations on which it is built are made of porous rocks or if a stretch of a reservoir rock is permeable.

Answer: c [Reason:] The position of water table and hydrogeological qualities of rocks forming foundations and abutments of dams and reservoirs must be known.

Answer: b [Reason:] Groundwater is a major source of trouble for the stability of slopes. Many slope failures, especially in hilly regions are due to direct or indirect involvement of groundwater.

Answer: c [Reason:] An associated trouble with rising water-table is the development of salinity of the soils. The rising groundwater may be rich in some undesirable salts that are left at or near the surface during its loss to atmosphere due to evaporation.

Answer: a [Reason:] The root system of crops in water-logged areas gets decomposed. Large areas of land in Indian subcontinent are affected by water-logging.

Answer: b [Reason:] Soil creep and solifluction are caused mainly due to groundwater. The lubricating action of water besides its negative effect on the strength parameters of rocks is the major cause in initiating massive landslides.

Answer: c [Reason:] Orthophyric texture is another type of equigranular texture, which is in between the granitic and felsitic textures. The individual grains are fine in size but not microgranular.

Answer: c [Reason:] The porphyritic texture is characterized by the presence of a few conspicuously large sized crystals (the phenocrysts) which are embedded in a fine-grained ground mass or matrix.

Answer: d [Reason:] Porphyritic texture may be caused by any one or more of the following factors: Difference in molecular concentration, change in physic-chemical conditions and relative insolubility.

Answer: a [Reason:] Poikilitic texture is characterized with the presence of fine-grained crystals within the body of large sized crystals. In other words, it is just the reverse of the porphyritic textures.

Answer: d [Reason:] When the host mineral is identified as augite and the inclusions are of plagioclase felspars, the poiklitic texture is further distinguished as ophitic.

Answer: b [Reason:] The development of ophitic texture in rocks is yet incompletely understood. It may be due to operation of factors for porphyritic texture but in a different manner.

Answer: b [Reason:] Those textures that indicate the result of flow of magma during the formation of rocks are known as directive textures.

Answer: c [Reason:] Trachytic and Trachytoid textures are common examples of directive textures. The former is characteristic of certain felspar lavas and is recognised by a parallel arrangement of felspar; the latter is found in some syenites.

Answer: d [Reason:] In certain igneous rocks crystals formed at earlier stages may get so arranged that polygonal or trigonal spaces are left in between them. These spaces get filled subsequently during the process of rock formation by crystalline or glassy masses of other minerals.

Answer: b [Reason:] During the formation of the igneous rocks, sometimes two or more minerals may crystallize out simultaneously in a limited space so that the resulting crystals are mixed up or intergrown. This type of mutual arrangement is expressed by the term intergrowth texture.

Answer: b [Reason:] In faults, the concept of walls is very important and must be understood very clearly. In a rock body, when a fracture takes place, it divided the rock into two parts or two blocks.

Answer: b [Reason:] It may be easy to locate fault planes or fault surfaces in small scale and in rather recent faults. In older and especially major faults spreading over miles of area, however, extensive field work including drilling or subsurface investigations using geophysical methods may be required to determine these structures.

Answer: a [Reason:] The blocks which suffer displacement and stand on either sides of the fracture are called as walls. Generally there exist two types of walls, hanging wall and foot wall.

Answer: c [Reason:] The term foot wall is used for that faulted block which lies on the under surface of the fault plane or zone.

Answer: d [Reason:] Actually the terms “hanging wall” and “foot wall” have been coined by the miners: while traversing along a track excavated in fault plane, the wall under their feet would be foot wall whereas the other block would hang above their heads.

Answer: b [Reason:] Fault zone is a small region with definite thickness and distinct composition having numerous closely placed parallel fractures within itself along which there have been clear displacements.

Answer: a [Reason:] The displacements in shear zones are generally ductile in nature compared to brittle fracturing in simple faults or fault zones.

Answer: c [Reason:] We can observe numerous parallel placed fractured blocks in the shown region and this is possible in a fault zone. The picture depicts fault zone with distinct thickness and closely placed parallel fractures.

Answer: d [Reason:] The slip is defined as a relative displacement of any points that were formerly contiguous to each other, as measured along the fault plane. It may be expressed in millimetres, metres or even kilometres.

Answer: c [Reason:] The slip is further distinguished on the basis of direction of displacement with respect to the fault as dip-slip, strike-slip or oblique slip. Hade slip is not one such.

Answer: b [Reason:] Throw is the vertical component of the dip separation measured in the direction perpendicular to the strike of the fault in a vertical plane.