Q961. Behaviorist approach to learning centers on those factors?
a. That are observable
b. That are covert
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
a. That are observable
Q962. According to Hawkins, Best, and Coney, conditioning referes to?
a. Learning based upon association of stimulus and information
b. Learning based upon association of stimulus and responses
c. Association of stimulus and responses
d. None of the above.
Answer
b. Learning based upon association of stimulus and responses
Q963. Classical conditioning refers to the process of?
a. Using a natural physiological relationship between a stimulus and response
b. Bringing about the learning of the same response to a different stimulus
c. Using a natural physiological relationship between a stimulus and response to bring about the learning of the same response to a different stimulus
d. None of the above.
Answer
c. Using a natural physiological relationship between a stimulus and response to bring about the learning of the same response to a different stimulus
Q964. UCR in Pavlov’s experiment stands for?
a. Unconditioned reflex
b. Unconditioned return
c. Unconditioned response
d. Both a & c.
Answer
d. Both a & c.
Q965. Classical conditioning?
a. Does have some very real applications to consumer learning
b. Can explain a great deal of the associations made between brand names and other familiar symbols
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
c. Both a & b
Q966. The concept of classical conditioning may be used successfully by the marketers?
a. In advertisements or commercials
b. To change or modify consumer behavior
c. Causing customers to act in favor of the advertised brand
d. All of the above.
Answer
d. All of the above.
Q967. Operant conditioning implies that?
a. We actively manipulate things to produce desired consequences or to avoid undesired ones
b. We actively manipulate things
c. We actively manipulate things to produce desired consequences
d. We actively manipulate things to avoid undesired ones.
Answer
a. We actively manipulate things to produce desired consequences or to avoid undesired ones
Q968. Operant learning was first demonstrated by?
a. An American psychologist B.F. Skinner
b. An American psychologist Ivan Pavlov
c. An German physiologist B.F. skinner
d. None of the above.
Answer
a. An American psychologist B.F. Skinner
Q969. David S. Austin and James M. Johnson defined operant conditioning as?
a. A process in which the frequency of occurrence of a bit of behavior is modified by the conditioned stimulus
b. A process in which the frequency of occurrence of a bit of behavior is modified by the consequences of the behavior
c. A process in which the frequency of occurrence of a bit of behavior is modified by the consequences of the new stimulus
d. None of the above.
Answer
b. A process in which the frequency of occurrence of a bit of behavior is modified by the consequences of the behavior
Q970. In which of the following ways the principle of operant learning may be applied in marketing?
a. Lowering price
b. Offering premium
c. Distributing free sample
d. All of the above.
Answer
d. All of the above.
Q971. Reinforcement has a significant impact on?
a. The speed at which learning occurs
b. The duration of learning’s effect
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
c. Both a & b
Q972. Extinction of a response occurs because?
a. The reinforcemtn for the learned responses is withdrawn
b. The learned responses are no longer used
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
c. Both a & b
Q973. Generalization is a tendency?
a. To make the same response to a similar stimulus
b. To make the same response to a similar stimulus as to the old one
c. To make the same response to a different stimulus as to the old
d. None of the above.
Answer
b. To make the same response to a similar stimulus as to the old one
Q974. Discrimination refers to the process of learning?
a. To respond differently to somewhat similar stimuli
b. To respond differently to different similar stimuli
c. To respond similarly to somewhat similar stimuli
d. None of the above.
Answer
a. To respond differently to somewhat similar stimuli
Q975. Marketers band every effort toward associating their products with powerful consumer needs by?
a. Developing motivating cues
b. Attempting to ensure positive reinforcement
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
c. Both a & b
Q976. Habits refer to?
a. The automatic connection of a stimulus with a response
b. The forced connection of a stimulus with a response
c. The induced connection of a stimulus with a response
d. None of the above.
Answer
a. The automatic connection of a stimulus with a response
Q977. Consumers develop habits about a product more rapidly?
a. The more important the product is to them
b. The less important the product is to them
c. The less complicated the product is to them
d. None of the above.
Answer
b. The less important the product is to them
Q978. Research suggests that, if a habit is strong?
a. The response to the stimulus will weak
b. The response to the stimulus will be slow
c. The response to the stimulus will be faster
d. The response to the stimulus will also be strong.
Answer
d. The response to the stimulus will also be strong.
Q979. Brand loyalty implies, beyond mere repetition?
a. A commitment to a brand, store, or manufacturer, a commitment that can persist for years
b. A commitment to a brand, store, or manufacturer
c. A commitment to a brand, that can persist for years
d. None of the above.
Answer
a. A commitment to a brand, store, or manufacturer, a commitment that can persist for years
Q980. Brand loyalty has to contend with?
a. Price competition
b. New products and advertising
c. Product availability and external forces
d. All of the above.
Answer
d. All of the above.
Q981. Tucker noticed that brand loyalty may develop in some consumers?
a. Based on the names
b. Based on the discriminating differences that exist among brnads
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
c. Both a & b
Q982. It is very difficult for competitors to change or modify brand loyalty,
particularly if customers are?
a. Hard-core loyal
b. Soft-core loyal
c. Non loyal
d. None of the above.
Answer
a. Hard-core loyal
Q983. Consumers tend to be less loyal toward products?
a. With only few brands available
b. With many brands available
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
b. With many brands available
Q984. Consumers are brand loyal in markets where?
a. Brands tend to be widely distributed
b. Where market share is concentrated in the leading brand
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
c. Both a & b
Q985. Though consumers have many needs that are basically similar, they try to satisfy them differently, depending on?
a. How they perceive their needs
b. How they perceive the environment in which they act
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
c. Both a & b
Q986. Perception is the unique way in which –
a. Each person sees, organizes, and interprets things
b. Each person sees, organizes, and interprets things
c. Each person sees, organizes, and interprets things
d. All of the above.
Answer
d. All of the above.
Q987. Our senses are exposed to those with the power?
a. To capture and hold our attention
b. Of being perceived
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
c. Both a & b
Q988. Marketers should be aware of each stage in the perception process in order to?
a. Increase the probability that consumers will be exposed to the message aimed at them
b. Increase the probability that consumers will pay attention to meaning to the message aimed at them
c. Increase the probability that consumers will assign the desired meaning to the message aimed at them
d. All of the above.
Answer
d. All of the above.
Q989. Perception can be defined as the process a person uses?
a. To collect internal stimuli and stimuli from the environment
b. To evaluate internal stimuli and stimuli from the environment
c. To collect retain internal stimuli and stimuli from the environment
d. All of the above.
Answer
d. All of the above.
Q990. Individuals perceive themselves and their environment through their senses, such as?
a. Sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch
b. Sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch, and common sense
c. Both a &
d. None of the above.
Answer
c. Both a &
Q991. You are likely to notice an advertisement of refrigerator?
a. If you do not have one
b. If you plan to buy a refrigerator
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above
Answer
c. Both a & b
Q992. Selective distortion is –
a. The changing or twisting of currently received information
b. The changing or twisting of currently received information to make it more consistent with the internal beliefs of the individual
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
b. The changing or twisting of currently received information to make it more consistent with the internal beliefs of the individual
Q993. Gestalists believe that, while developing perception to an object or stimulus, an individual?
a. Does not perceive it part by part
b. Does view it as a whole
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
c. Both a & b
Q994. The cognitive structure is composed of?
a. An individual’s experiences and values
b. An individual’s beliefs an images
c. An individual’s ideas and attitudes
d. All of the above.
Answer
d. All of the above.
Q995. Our eyes and minds seek out and notice only information that –
a. Interests us
b. Bothers us
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
a. Interests us
Q996. We screen out or modify –
a. Ideas that conflict with previously learned attitudes and beliefs
b. Messages that conflict with previously learned attitudes and beliefs
c. Information that conflict with previously learned attitudes and beliefs
d. All of the above.
Answer
d. All of the above.
Q997. Perception occurs when –
a. The stimulus activates one or more sensory receptors
b. Sensations created to stimulus are processed by the brain
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
c. Both a & b
Q998. The characteristics of the stimuli that influence consumer perception are –
a. Color, contrast, size, and loudness
b. Brightness, position, movement, and directionality
c. Isolation, introductory questions, novelty and use of attractive spokesman
d. All of the above.
Answer
d. All of the above.
Q999. If the color of the stimulus is not consistent with its background –
a. It creates conflict
b. It increases an individual’s attention
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above.
Answer
c. Both a & b
Q1000. It is found from different studies that objects placed near the center of the visual field of an individual are more likely to be attended than
–
a. Those near the border of the field
b. Those far from the border of the field
c. Both a & b
d. None of the above
Answer
a. Those near the border of the field
