Answer: a [Reason:] In centre pivot irrigation, steel/Al pipes are joined together, supported by trusses and mounted on wheeled towers.

Answer: b [Reason:] Inundation canal gets water which flows from a flooded river only. These are then discharged into the fields. Only if rivers are flooded (rainy season), these are functional.

Answer: c [Reason:] The three types are furrow, border strip and basin irrigation. It is also called flood irrigation, when the field is immersed in water completely.

Answer: d [Reason:] In Southern states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu; rain water harvesting and storage of water is done using tanks. The water is then fed to fields via a canal.

Answer: c [Reason:] Drip irrigation is also called trickle irrigation. If this system is managed correctly, the field water efficiency can be as high as 80-90%.

Answer: b [Reason:] Sub-irrigation is a method of artificially raising water table to allow soil to be moistened from below plant’s root zone. It is also used in commercial greenhouse production.

Answer: a [Reason:] The sources of water for irrigation can be ground water, surface water and non-conventional sources. The non-conventional sources are treated wastewater, drainage water, fog collection, etc.

Answer: c [Reason:] In drip irrigation nowadays, a plastic mulch is incorporated which reduces evaporation and is a means of delivering fertilizers. Hence, the process fertigation.

Answer: d [Reason:] The field water efficiency is the way to determine if method of irrigation is efficient. It is determined by using the formula (water transpired by crop ÷ water applied to field) x 100%. It is expressed in %.

Answer: a [Reason:] It is also called flood water harvesting. In this case, water is diverted to normally dry river beds using network of dams, gates and channels and are spread over large areas.

Answer: c [Reason:] It is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through piped network in a pre-determined pattern and applied to each plant. Hence, it is called localized irrigation.

Answer: d [Reason:] In Rajasthan and Maharashtra artesian wells are used. Tube well can be installed near agricultural land. A deep tube well, worked by electricity can irrigate a large area.

Answer: b [Reason:] Massive or lintelled structure is built with large amount of materials. It can take up compression efficiently and has very few spaces.

Answer: d [Reason:] Compressed air is filled inside pneumatic structure. It is light and can be deflated and dismantled easily. It is used in fun, activity area for kids.

Answer: c [Reason:] Vault is an arched form used to provide high ceiling spaces. There can be barrel vault or continuous vaults.

Answer: a [Reason:] The 2 main types are rigid frame structure and braced frame structure. Both of these are further sub-divided into two.

Answer: d [Reason:] Span length is usually restricted to 40ft when normal R.C.C. is used. Spans greater than this can cause lateral deflections.

Answer: b [Reason:] The load bearing action in a framed structure is as follows- slab to beam, beam to column, column to foundation.

Answer: c [Reason:] The bottom beams are called bottom chords and are capable in bearing tension. The top chords bear compression.

Answer: a [Reason:] Warren truss consists of series of equilateral triangles, alternating up and down as shown in the figure.

Answer: a [Reason:] It is a thin structure. It resists and transfers loads within its minimal thickness. Loads applied to it are carried to ground by tensile, shear and compressive forces.

Answer: c [Reason:] This structure uses 4 identical L-shaped pieces which results in a trestle structure and allows flexible and versatile design. It allows rapid assembly. It can be used as road barriers, interior column, interior partitions, etc.

Answer: b [Reason:] Triangulated structure is also referred to as truss. It is widely used in roofing. It is also employed in bridges.

Answer: b [Reason:] Ceramic tile can be glazed or unglazed. Quarry tile is another name for unglazed ceramic tile. It is durable, cheap and natural.

Answer: c [Reason:] Slate can be used as roofing shingles, it can be used indoors as well as outdoors, because of its natural looks and range of colours.

Answer: d [Reason:] Onyx has a creamy, pearl like look. It is not commonly used for flooring, but can be employed for skirting around bathtubs and mosaics.

Answer: a [Reason:] These are prepared in such a way that even after burning, they are able to retain their porous nature.

Answer: a [Reason:] Wooden tiles are widely used in such places. They are given a protective coating of varnish. They provide thermal comfort and are durable.

Answer: c [Reason:] The body is made of coarser clay, face of finer clay and colouring material and back of thin coat of clay to prevent warping.

Answer: b [Reason:] Allahabad tiles consist of 2 sets of tiles. Upper one is half round in section and lower one is flat.

Answer: d [Reason:] The size of conventional Manglore tile is either of the following:- 410x235mm or 420x250mm or 425x260mm. Approximately 16 tiles can be used in one meter square of roof.

Answer: a [Reason:] IS 13712 gives details regarding definitions, classifications, characteristics and marking of ceramic tile.

Answer: b [Reason:] Pan tiles are curved in section. Pot tiles are semi-circular in section and taper along the length.

Answer: a [Reason:] Three layers of varying compositions are applied. They are primers, undercoats and finishing coats.

Answer: d [Reason:] Nitro cotton is element contained in cellulose paints, zinc white and white lead are components of enamel paints.

Answer: c [Reason:] It consists of pigments like chromium oxide, lead or zinc chrome. It is mixed with sand and added to the paint. These pigments make the paint blackish in colour.

Answer: b [Reason:] They are suitable for painting fresh plasters having high alkalinity. They can be directly applied on existing paint, hence they are economic.

Answer: a [Reason:] Synthetic rubber paint is prepared from resins. These are chemically resistant and offer protection against heavy rain, sunlight.

Answer: b [Reason:] Cement requires rough surface for its application. It can adhere better onto rough surfaces than smoother ones.

Answer: d [Reason:] These eliminate the odour present in alkyd, stain blocking primers. It also aims to reduce VOC content (volatile organic compound), which is harmful.

Answer: a [Reason:] Spray painting delivers small amount of paint and gives surface a smooth finish. Rollers are used to reach high areas.

Answer: a [Reason:] Open-time is the time interval, after application of liquid paint, during which other paint can be applied to give artistic effect. White spirit, Dowanol can be used. These allow different layers of wet paints to mix together and give a textured appearance.

Answer: c [Reason:] It has a satin finish. Compared to other types, it is more durable and washable.

Answer: a [Reason:] The land use pattern shows how the land is used for various purposes in the development of housing/commercial/industrial areas. There are widely 10 land use patterns; radio centric (a large circle with development starting from centre), rectilinear (2 areas crossing centre), star (open spaces in star shape), ring (areas in circle with open space in centre), linear (along topography contours), branch (with connecting areas), sheet (spread out), articulated sheet (central and sub clusters), constellation (equal size areas nearby) and satellite (constellation around main area).

Answer: c [Reason:] The general land use planning deals with the non-urban large scale areas like forests, croplands, swamplands, etc. and they are used primarily for agriculture, forest or special uses. The other 3 options come under urban land use planning.

Answer: a [Reason:] The total land area of a city (TLA) which is available for expansion is found out by deducting the total area of protected/conservation areas (PCA) and the existing built-up areas (BU). All these are taken in hectares.

Answer: a [Reason:] The population of town on river banks are periodically exposed to inundation from the rivers. Then slowly these extensions increase as there is less space for water to flow. Removal of natural vegetation leads to the other 3 options.

Answer: c [Reason:] The aim of a non-structural flood control management is to reduce the population and properties exposure to the floods. Use of flood proofing in construction is one of the ways.

Answer: d [Reason:] The buildings which are in flood prone areas can be flood proofed by elevation (raise a building), floodwalls (a wall built to keep water away) and dry flood proofing (making walls of building watertight).

Answer: a [Reason:] These maps help to quantify the noise of a region and evaluate the population exposed to it. They help to create a database for planning of zones accordingly (noisy activities/sensible, etc) and to predict the impact of noise in the predicted urban infrastructure.

Answer: b [Reason:] There are 3 source type noise propagation. They are point source (loudspeakers, vehicles, industrial equipment, etc.), line source (road, railways, etc) and area source (parking lot, functions, opening of tunnels, etc).

Answer: b [Reason:] The HOV (High Occupancy Vehicles) lane optimises the existing roads by allowing vehicles with 2,3 or more occupants to use these lanes exclusively. So, it promotes people to use car pools to reach destination faster, reducing number of vehicles on road.